Technically, no one owns any land. Governments own lands, and they are able to limit people from what they can do with it, and they can regulate how it’s done. In the American legal system, for example, people only own the rights to land, not the land itself.

That said, to answer your question, most property ownership laws are based on the Latin doctrine, “For whoever owns the soil, it is theirs up to heaven and down to hell.”

There it is – first post I’ve bookmarked here

According to my title, I own a few meters deep. But I don’t own mineral or mining or gas rights to my land.

Alberta, Canada

Depends on the jurisdiction really, whether mineral and water rights are separable from the surface plot, and how “property rights” are defined and entitled. In the United States generally a property deed entitles you to exclusive use of the surface and soil. Surface water, groundwater, rocks and minerals beneath the soil (down tens of thousands of feet), and even air space, are wholly different sets of rights that may be deeded, traded, sold, or restricted. For instance in the western US (as opposed to the eastern states) surface water (creeks, streams, lakes) on your property may be entitled to a downstream user and is not automatically “yours” to use.

Looking around it looks like yeah, in the US at least. Not all the way up to space though.

Under British/American common law, yes. Cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos—You owned a column to the center of the earth and infinitely into space. That doesn’t include mineral rights though, and since the invention of the air plane, air rights are now limited to only a few hundred feet typically.